Foster Care Act Essay - 812 Words

The chosen policy is the Health Insurance for Former Foster Youth Act (S.1797). This federal level proposed law is intended to secure access to health care for youth who have aged out of foster care and did not have health coverage. The law requires the state to ensure insurance continuity for foster youth who move to one of the 37 states that do not now permit Medicaid benefits to travel to that state and remove the eligibility restriction tied to residency in Medicaid coverage to youth who age out in another state. Before the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted, when children aged out of foster care, only 20% were eligible for public insurance. The Foster Care Independence Act and Affordable Care Act have, extended Medicaid coverage†¦show more content†¦Besides, the coverage expansion can be insufficient for former foster care youth to get adequate health care since some physician are known to be reluctant to accept Medicaid patients (Decker, 2013)). Many interest groups support this proposed law. In a letter sent to Congress, more than 240 organizations expressed their support to secure that youth who age out of foster care can keep Medicaid coverage until they turn 26, mirroring their peers who can stay on their parent’s health insurance until the age of 26. They include not only national level advocacy group such as First Focus Campaign for Children but also professional organizations such as American Academy of Pediatrics. If this law is enacted, the states that opposed Medicaid expansion would be opposing interest groups. The partisanship and mistrust of the federal government may contribute to this opposition. Some revision can be recommended to mitigate potentially negative or insufficient consequences of this low mentioned above. First, this expansion of Medicaid coverage should be combined with the system assures the high traceability of former foster care youth since the access to health care is important but merely one aspect ofShow MoreRelatedFoster Care Independence Act of 1999 Essay3122 Words   |  13 PagesFoster Care Independence Act of 1999 Before this bill was signed into law the Federal Government provided about $70 million per year to conduct programs for adolescents leaving foster care that are designed to help them establish independent living. Research and numerous reports from States conducting these programs indicate that adolescents leaving foster care do not fare well. As compared with other adolescents and young adults their age, they are more likely to quit school, to be Read MoreNational Adoption And Foster Care Home Study Act Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesThe National Adoption and Foster Care Home Study Act (H.R.1650/S.684) aims to improve and standardize child welfare practices across states by instituting a national home study assessment process and registry. H.R.1650 was introduced in March 2017 as a bipartisan bill and now sits in the House Committee on Education and the Workforce. CWLA should not lobby Rep. David Price to increase support for H.R. 1650 given his voting record and memberships. Rep. Price has a deep commitment to families and childrenRead MoreDavid Foster Wallace Consider The Lobster Summary1716 Words   |  7 Pages Wallace, â€Å"Consider the Lobster† 1. What is the author’s view of his subject matter? What evidence supports this conclusion? David Foster Wallace discusses in his essay â€Å"consider the lobster† how the Maine Lobster Festival combines two of the regions most profitable sources of income, tourism and the fishing industry mainely lobster. He views the festival as a way to capitalize on both the fishing industry and tourism by hosting one large event that has been promoted by news organizations andRead MoreThe Key Theories Of Attachment1646 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Bowlby, the backbone of attachment theories will be discussed throughout this essay to explain and evaluate the key theories of attachment. Health and well-being which is made up of four factors ‘physical, intellectual, emotional and social (Jones, 2016), will also be discussed within the essay. The definition of attachment is ‘an act of attaching or the state of being attached. (Dictionary, 1400) This will be showed in the assignment, using theorists to analyse the meaning. Sharing theRead MoreAdoption Is A Social Justice Issue1135 Words   |  5 PagesIssue Statement Adoption is the act or fact of adopting or being adopted; to legally take another’s child or bring up as one’s own. When a child is adopted, that child moves permanently from one family to another family. In the process, all parental rights are legally transferred to the new parents. This means adoptive parents have the same rights and responsibilities as parents whose children were born to them. It also means adopted children have all the emotional, social, legal, and familial benefitsRead MorePrison Policies Surrounding Incarcerated Women in US Prisons848 Words   |  3 Pagesduring the same period. Race is also a significant factor, with children of African American and Hispanic parents being 8.9 and 3 times, respectively, more likely to have an incarcerated parent than White children (The Sentencing Project, 2007). This essay will examine prison policies surrounding incarcerated women in U.S. prisons, including those in the state of Mississippi. Prison Policies towards Incarcerated Mothers and Pregnant Women With nearly 2/3 of the female prison population at the stateRead MoreThe Impact of Slavery in America1364 Words   |  5 Pagesresistance to their enslavement; passive or aggressive. Primarily, it can be difficult to understand the life of the slaves without a full description of what they where categories as. One example that identified the meaning of slaves was In Hubers essay: â€Å"As slaves were forbidden to speak their own languages or practice their own religions, they began to mix their native cultures with the European and Native American cultures that existed in America, and, through the English language, they found newRead MoreThe Book Thief Analysis Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesTakara Taylor July 18, 2009 AP Literature Essay The Book Thief Haunted By Symbols Through all of the irony and vivid coloring, The Book Thief is more easily understood after acquiring knowledge of reading literature with greater care and meticulousness. Applying chapters of How to Read Literature like a Professor can better enhance a reader’s awareness of hidden messages and symbols within certain works of literature. In Chapter Two, Foster explains how meals suggest a communion betweenRead MoreLow Expectations : High Expectations863 Words   |  4 PagesLow Expectations A common theme among the research I read for this essay was the low expectations that educators all too often had for Aboriginal students. Whitley’s (2014) noted, â€Å"Students highlighted feeling disengaged and unmotivated as a result of the low expectations and lack of support they experienced at school† (p.158). By having lower expectations for Aboriginal students we are not only under estimating their capabilities but we are also devaluing what they have to offer the learning environmentRead MoreFeminist in Susan Glaspell ´s Play Trifles999 Words   |  4 Pageswomen were often left with little importance. The oppression of women during that time stretched to the point that they were not truly acknowledge as their own person. Their sole purpose was to take care of their families by keeping house and performing their caretaker duties. According to the essay â€Å"Literary Context in Plays: Susan Glaspell† by Bailey McDaniel claims that Glaspell’s wo rk Trifles is considered an observation on the demeaning, insignificant characterization of women’s labor and their

Diversity Project - 1410 Words

When I think of diversity in America, I think that this is what makes America what it is. Over the course of this class, I have realized that America was founded on diversity. Different cultures immigrated to this country so that they could escape religious persecution and worship freely. Over time, this country was known as a safe haven for those looking to have their diverse cultures and religions respected individually. Although there are those who discriminate against others for these things, people still have the right to express their cultures and religions freely. Before taking this class, I only noticed how far we had to go, and now I see how far we have already come. After doing some research about my own racial history†¦show more content†¦It is a great time to start educating the youth about other cultures and beliefs and perhaps even letting them experience those different cultures. In addition to this, adults should attempt to re-educate themselves and ex plore cultures that they have not been previously exposed to. It can be surprising how many preconceived notions people have about with which they are unfamiliar. By doing this, adults can help instill the right values in their children. The media helps to perpetuate stereotypes and false representations in various ways. When there are ethnic characters visible on television or in movies, they are either depicted as drug dealers, prostitutes, pimps, or murderers. If they are not shown in a negative role, they are shown as athletes who can jump very high and run very fast. Asians are often portrayed as highly intelligent and very mathematically inclined. Homosexual characters are displayed as acting the opposite of their sex. Gay men are portrayed as overly feminized pretty â€Å"boys† who have a proclivity for show tunes and stage plays. Lesbian woman are often shown as â€Å"butch†, sporting short haircuts, construction boots and flannel shirts. Although not all the stereotypes exemplified in the media are negative, they do not speak for an entire demographic or race of people. There are times, however,Show MoreRelatedThe Diversity Audit Project : Starbucks1406 Words   |  6 Pagesof the diversity audit project is to teach students how to analyze and measure diversity efforts of potential employers and as potential customers. In this globalizing world these skills are more important than ever. Many companies are making changes to diversify their employees and their customer base; this project is focused on investigating one company’s efforts. After this project students can expect to have gained a deeper knowledge of how to measure a company’s level of diversity and analyzeRead MoreDiversity Performance Enhancement Project : Analysis1257 Words   |  6 Pages Diversity Performance Enhancement Project Natasha Hatfield Mount Vernon Nazarene University HRM 3053 Diversity for Organizational Performance February 10, 2017 Abstract Cultural diversity continues to become more common in the workplace. Diversity refers to qualities and features that are different from our own. These differences include race, gender, age, personality, talents, and nationalities. Diversity includes how one identifies themselves as well as how others perceive one. TheRead MoreDiversity and Avoiding Conflict in Project Team1415 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity and Avoiding Conflict PM/582 Executive Summary Understanding the organizations diversity, and successfully identify and handle conflict within a team environment is necessary to the success of all projects. The project leader must have the appropriate skill set to successfully understand how to lead diverse teams and identify, lead conflict in a positive manner and communicate appropriately to our customers. We want to ensure that our customers are receiving whatRead MoreCultural Diversity Research Project :1436 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Diversity Research Project As a nation of made up of many cultures, classrooms are nothing more than a melting pot. Each student brings a different viewpoint and perspective to the classroom. As the chef of the melting pot, an educator must make sure each ingredient is savored. According to Teachers, Schools, and Society, demographic forecasting predicts that by 2030 almost half the school population will be from non-European ethnic groups. It’s essential that educators meet the needs ofRead MoreDiversity And Diversity For A Company873 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity is a key contributor in today’s workforce. Many factors effect diversity and there are guidelines a company can follow to ensure it is diverse. Diversity and inclusion can be tools to create a competitive advantage for a company and can help solve issues by looking at problems from different perspectives. It also contributes to the employees by allowing for work with many types of people. According to Phillips and Gully (2014) †Å"Diversity awareness enables you to hire, retain and motivateRead MoreDiscovering Diversity Project By Amin And Holmes1608 Words   |  7 PagesDiscovering Diversity Project This experience was specifically chosen as a mechanism to better understanding dementia in all its facets following the loss of an uncle, who I later found was diagnosed with the disorder. As described by Amin and Holmes (2016) dementia is a general term for a range of progressive organic brain diseases characterized by problems of short-term memory and other cognitive deficits and is often a consequence of processes that result in the aberrant polymerization of proteinsRead MoreCultural Diversity Project : Xavier Smith1382 Words   |  6 Pages Cultural Diversity Project Essay I interview someone named Xavier Smith over the phone, he works with my Uncle at a. I ask Xavier 20 questions about his culture and heritage background. The first question I ask was â€Å"what is your full name and does it have a special meaning to it?† He told me that his full name is Xavier Smith and that his name is spelt differently in Haiti language, it is spelt Xaviur instead of the American way Xavier. I ask him why does he not use the spelling of the nameRead MoreThinking About Diversity and Inclusion808 Words   |  4 PagesThinking about diversity and inclusion 1. What are the dimensions of cultural diversity? Identify and briefly explain the dimensions by referencing both textbooks. The dimensions of cultural diversity consist of in the diverse cultures in the world. The diversity is the different race, gender, age, ethical, language, religion, education, and more. The geographic region and the social roll are the result of the cultural diversity in the world. The diversity is variable and depends of the human’sRead MoreFinding Diversity Project Is The High School1800 Words   |  8 Pagessituations that I do not fully understand, for which I can only empathize, not sympathize. But working with these students allows me to go beyond empathy to implement action towards helping these struggling people.†¨ The setting for my Discovering Diversity Project is the high school W.H.Croxford in Airdrie, working with the outreach program under Dan Dumont(ddumont@rockyview.ab.ca). I consider Dumont a mentor both as an educator and as an aboriginal. I had my practicum in this school back in November,Read MoreHow Diversity Is A Unique And Beautiful Final Project16 34 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents in Social Studies. â€Å"The Big Idea† in my conceptual lesson plan is â€Å"Diversity†; how the ideas of many different people and cultures can come together to make something wonderful. I plan on basically making a puzzle of all the different kids who each put their original ideas and personalities on each puzzle piece to make it a very diverse and beautiful final project. I believe this will help kids understand that diversity is a wonderful part of living in America, because no two people are exactly

Compare Contrast of the Perfect Storm the Wreck of the Hesperus free essay sample

Compare Contrast: The Perfect Storm The Wreck of the Hesperus I’m sure you all have read these two writings, or at least heard of them. These stories sound like they would be very alike because they are both about ocean storms, and somewhat tragedy. These stories may seem like they have a lot in common, but they don’t. I’m going to compare these subjects in the two writings, the two captain’s attitudes, the theme, and the time period between these two. In the two writings, both of the captains thought that they could brave out the storm and will survive. Although, in the writing The Wreck of the Hesperus, the captain says that they can brave it out but they end up freezing to death and losing his daughter and all of his crew members. The captain would say things like, â€Å"I pray thee, put into yonder port, for I fear a hurricane. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Contrast of the Perfect Storm the Wreck of the Hesperus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Which basically means he hopes he gets through the storm. In the writing The Perfect Storm, they enter the crew and captain enter the storm and they get rescued, however the captain does not want to leave his ship because he knows if he leaves it he will never see it again. This is a good subject because they are so the same, but very different. Another subject I would like to talk about is what these two writings are based on. This is more of a contrast. In The Wreck of the Hesperus it is a fictional story based on just an imaginary storm and a horrible tragedy, of the captain losing his daughter. In The Perfect Storm it is based on a storm that happened in North America in October of 1991. Although it is based on a true story some of the information is a little bit changed. Like for one, everyone survives. My final subject that I would like to talk about is the time period between these two writings. The Wreck of the Hesperus was written in 1839, and the way the author wrote it is very different because of the way they talk, using words such as, â€Å"thee†, â€Å"Tis†, â€Å"Woe†, and â€Å"Hither†. Using those types of words makes it seem like a classic because it is old and the author uses very immense words, words that you don’t hear now. The Perfect Storm was more modern instead of using â€Å"thee† the author used â€Å"the† it sounded like it wasn’t so from the past. It was also easier to understand because it was more modern and there wasn’t a bunch of funky words. These two writings are wonderful to read, yet they are not the same. There are many more comparisons about these two. In the end sparked either tragedy or happiness. These are beautiful writings about ocean storms.

Public and Private Schools free essay sample

AQUINDE, R-NOLD JANSSEN S. EJ2 FINAL DRAFT â€Å"Public and Private Schools† Which is better public school or private school? What are the differences and similarities between them? Why do private schools have expensive tuition fees? Parents often wonder how to start off their childrens education. These are the common questions that parents and students ask themselves today. Public and private schools are both educational institutions that shape students values. Both of them have the same mission or goal; to teach, develop and improve the skills of the students in different aspects. These are the common similarities of the two types of schools. Next thing is their differences, and to begin with, one of the most notable differences is cost of their tuition fees. Public schools are free of charge since they are funded and operated by the government. On the other hand, private schools involve tuition fees that usually cost a lot of money. We will write a custom essay sample on Public and Private Schools or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And because of this, since private schools require payment of money, only people with high or certain income can afford to be a part in this type of school. Another difference of public and private schools are their facilities. Private schools have better learning environment. Most of them were air-conditioned and do have modern equipments rather than public schools. Private and public schools also have difference in their kind of teaching. Private schools have better teachers who have better education. Private and public schools also differs in their academic reputation and college preparation, school size, safety reputation and special programs. Private schools do have better programs for the students. They have different organization that will help the students to cope up to their different subjects. Private schools are more aware for the students’ college preparation than public schools. Private schools also have better securities for the students’ safety, unlike in public school almost everyone can go in and out the school campus even they are not belong to that school. Most students prefer to be in private schools. One goal of many private school students is after graduating they can go to exclusive colleges. Other reason why they prefer private schools is that private schools offer a greater learning environment and their teachers are better qualified. Another reason why they prefer to be in a private school is because in our country, there is discrimination among public schools students. People think that students in the public schools do have bad backgrounds. That’s why other students don’t want to be in public schools. They don’t want to be discriminated and be underestimated by others. Written above are the answers to the questions of many parents and students. They can already know that private schools are much better than private schools. Private schools do have expensive tuition fees but if you really want quality education, you should be ready to pay for it.

Learn How to Organize Your Content Marketing in 2017 (Free Course)

Learn How to Organize Your Content Marketing in 2017 (Free Course) Building new, effective habits  can be hard. That’s because we naturally resist change. Instead of going to the gym, we binge-watch TV shows. Rather than eat a salad, we raid the office candy supply. Despite our best intentions, these are the sorts of patterns we tend to fall into. Why? Goals worth achieving are typically difficult to attain. That’s part of the issue. Another is we sometimes lack the knowledge and tools required to help make new habits feel automatic. The key is finding ways to do things easier and automatically, until our old habits become distant memories. This principle is key to getting organized (and staying that way  for the long haul). And that’s exactly what youll learn to do when you join the Marketing Strategy Certification course  by . How To Organize Your Entire Marketing Strategy In Less Than 2 Weeks (FREE Course)So, What Is This Marketing Strategy Certification Course All About? The course is broken up into five lessons, each covering a different part of the long-term planning process. Each lesson includes a worksheet (plus free bonus guides and templates) to help you plan a lean and actionable marketing strategy. When you’re finished, you’ll have a fluff-free documented content strategy and marketing calendar to keep you focused and organized for an entire year. By the end of this FREE  two-week course, you’ll have learned the following: How to set overarching marketing goals that your content efforts will support. How to plan which types of content you’ll create (and never run out of ideas). How to keep it all organized on one calendar throughout the year. You’ll also get access to the following: Three  live-action workshops taught by our own Jordan Loftis  and Emma Tupa. A private Facebook user group to discuss the course content with other current (and past) students. If you’re new to , we’ll hook you up with an exclusive free 21-day trial. Recommended Reading: A Crash Course in Your New Content Calendar [Demo] And What Am I Going To Learn? So far, weve given you a high-level summary of what this course has to offer. Next, let’s take a deeper look at what you’ll learn. Lesson 1, Behind the Scenes: Setting Goals and Priorities You need goals before you start creating content. Otherwise, what’s the point? The first lesson in this course is devoted to determining which goals and metrics are most important for you. You’ll also establish which high-level business goals your marketing efforts are meant to help achieve. Lesson 2, Behind the Scenes: Establishing Content + Social Strategy Once you know why you’re creating content, you’ll need to know what content to create. Sometimes it’s hard to know where to start. If you’ve been creating content for a while with mixed success, you might want to know how to do more of what works best. If you’re beginning from scratch, you probably feel even more overwhelmed. After all, there are so many different things you could create, share, and talk about. How do you choose which ideas to pursue and which channels to use? That’s what we’ll figure out in this lesson. First, you’ll learn how to use Google Analytics to discover your top-performing content. With that data in hand, you can note what that content has in common, so you can create even more high-performing stuff. Then, we’ll move onto social media, determining which platforms you need to be on (and what to create and share so you don’t end up throwing in the towel by September). Lesson 3, Behind the Scenes: Brainstorming and Ideation No one likes staring at a blank page. Marketing requires constant creativity. You need fresh ideas all the time to build and retain your audience. That can be a lot of pressure, especially when you need to sustain a consistent schedule for a full twelve months (and beyond). That’s where this convenient brainstorming process comes in. After your goals are set and content strategy is established, it’s time to get down to brass tacks and decide what you’ll actually create. Following our three-step process, you’ll be able to easily generate a month’s worth of ideas in under an hour. Repeat that once a month, and your content calendar will never be blank. Learn how to keep your content calendar full with this free course from @Here’s how it works: 10 minutes of throwing out ideas. 10 minutes of scoring each idea. 10 minutes of narrowing those ideas down. Once you’ve talked through all your ideas with your team (and dropped them onto your calendar), you’ll likely find you’ve spent about an hour total on ideation. You’ll also probably notice the quality level of your ideas is higher than it would be struggling on your own or simply waiting for inspiration to strike. Lesson 4, Behind the Scenes: Understanding the Science of Scheduling One of the most common questions we get asked is, â€Å"When is the best time to publish [INSERT TYPE OF CONTENT].† Another variation we frequently hear is, â€Å"Do you know the best times to post on [INSERT SOCIAL CHANNEL].† You might even be wondering how much email you should be sending. You can stop wondering. After this lesson, you’ll know. Even better, you’ll be able to act and start scheduling content the best way. Recommended Reading: Best Time Scheduling is the Easy Way to Get More Engagement [New Feature] Lesson 5, Behind the Scenes: Building An Actual Content Calendar This is what it all comes down to, right? In the last lesson, you’ll build a real marketing editorial calendar you can actually use. We’ll walk you step-by-step through the process of creating a calendar yourself in Google Docs (or you can use the included template). We’ve written blog posts on how to create content calendars before. Quite a few of them, in fact. However, what this course offers is context for how to use a calendar effectively as an integrated piece of your overall marketing strategy. When you have content that’s connected to your goals, all mapped out in one place, your calendar becomes your central planning hub. It’s your main point of reference to see everything you’re working on, giving you a high-level view of what’s going on. Blog posts. Social messages. Email newsletters. You can even add podcasts, videos, brochures, events- literally anything you’re working on can (and should) go on your calendar. And this is what’s key to keeping yourself (and your team) organized for an entire year. The centerpiece that holds everything together. Recommended Reading: New Live Demo: An Insiders Look at Whats New (and Whats Next) for Course Registration Closes  Tuesday, July 25 If this sounds good (and we hope it does), the next step is to register by Tuesday, July 25, at 11:59 p.m. CT. Need extra convincing? Here’s a summary of everything you’ll get: A lean and actionable year-long marketing strategy in just two weeks. This course won’t just give you information and leave you on your own from there. It provides the templates you need to develop a simple strategy focused on helping you stay organized while executing great marketing. It won’t detail everything you could possibly plan out; rather, it’ll give you just the pieces you need to get to work without wasting time. A real calendar you can put to use. We’re big believers in content calendars (and we should be, considering we’re a content calendar company). If you’re curious what kinds of results an organized calendar can help you achieve though, look no further than us. Our blog receives 1.3+ million pageviews a month, our email list has 190,000+ subscribers, and our 120,000+ strong social media following grows every day. Everything you need to succeed. With more than a dozen additional bonus templates and guides, you’ll have a complete toolbox for marketing success. To cap it all off, course registrants will also get a free 21-day trial. That way, you can use our software free if you’d prefer it versus a spreadsheet (and we’re thinking you probably will- we eat our own dog food here, and we wouldn’t consider working without our own all-in-one tool). And you’ll be able to make â€Å"getting my content organized† one habit  you won’t break.

Understanding What Zai Na Li Means in English

Understanding What Zai Na Li Means in English The Mandarin question word for where† is Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡, written in the traditional form, or Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å', written in simplified form. The pinyin is zi nÇŽ li. This term is particularly useful to know if you are traveling in China and want to learn or ask about new locations to explore.   Characters The term for where is made up of three characters: Ã¥Å" ¨ (zi)  which means located at, and the two characters å“ ªÃ¨ £ ¡ / å“ ªÃ©â€¡Å' (nÇŽ li) which put together means where. Combined, Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡ / Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å' (zi nÇŽ li) literally means, â€Å"Where is it located?† The term å“ ªÃ¨ £ ¡ / å“ ªÃ©â€¡Å'  (nÇŽ li) is sometimes used by itself as a single-word question. Pronunciation With regards to tone marks, Ã¥Å" ¨ (zi) is in the 4th tone and å“ ª (nÇŽ) is in the 3rd tone. è £ ¡ / é‡Å' is usually pronounced in the 3rd tone (lÇ ) but when used as a question word for where it takes on an unaccented  neutral tone (li). Thus, in terms of tones, Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡ / Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å' can also be referred to as zai na li. Examples WÇ’ de shÃ… « zi nÇŽ li?我的æ› ¸Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡? (traditional form)我的ä ¹ ¦Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å'? (simplified form)Where is my book? WÇ’ men zi nÇŽ li jin?我們åÅ" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡Ã¨ ¦â€¹?我ä » ¬Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å'è § ?Where are we going to meet? Yà ºnnn shÄ›ng zi nÇŽ li?é› ²Ã¥ â€"çÅ" Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡Ã¤ ºâ€˜Ã¥ â€"çÅ" Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å'?Where is Yunnan province? ShnghÇŽi zi nÇŽ li?ä ¸Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡?ä ¸Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å'Where is Shanghai? NÇ  yo qà ¹ nÇŽlÇ  lÇšxà ­ng?ä ½  Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥Å½ »Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡Ã¦â€"…è ¡Å'ä ½  Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥Å½ »Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å'æâ€"…è ¡Å'Where do you want to travel?

Your choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Your choice - Essay Example r will discuss few methodological and evaluative strategies of the learning event, and such discussion will allow the teacher to include innovative methodologies based on students’ perspectives. After introduction, the teacher will endeavor to provide learning related to the: It is an observation that students are aware of few objectives, as well as functions of the United Nations from previous classes and personal discussions, so the teacher will endeavor to find out conceived perceptions about the United Nations before presenting his means of learning. Such an overview of known notions has huge significance in the learning theory of ‘Cognitivism’ that promotes consideration of prior knowledge for efficient learning (Horn, 2008). â€Å"The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights† (UN, 2009). In conclusion of this class, students will be aware of learning objectives specified earlier in the lesson plan briefly, and will be ready to understand different functions of the United Nations in a detailed manner. Group discussions will be significant in evaluating the understanding capabilities of students in the class (Westwood, 2008), and will play a major role in developing leadership and teamwork skills in the students. In addition, crossword activity will facilitate teachers in assessing creative and cognitive skills of the students. Class will commence with a brief summarization of previous class from the students that will provide a compatible learning environment to them, and will allow absent or shy students to participate in the learning event confidently. Moreover, such an overview of learnt concepts plays a significant role in the learning theory of ‘Cognitivism’ (Horn, 2008) that promotes consideration of

2-1-2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2-1-2 - Assignment Example Prior to recession that started in 2008, economy of Lithuania was found to be growing at the rate of 8%. In 2004 the country joined in European Union. It has also joined World Trade Organization. Most of the trades take place with Russia and other neighbors that are located in Eastern Europe. The process of turning old traditional Lithuanian economy into a market economy is almost complete. Most of the state owned organizations have been made private. The recent global recession that started from mid of 2008, has greatly affected the economy of the country. In 2007 Lithuania’s real GDP was growing at the rate of almost 8%, but in 2008 the figure came down to 3%. In 2009 the country’s GDP shrank at the rate of 16.8%. Such negative growth is mainly due to the global financial meltdown that has affected almost all the developed and developing economies in the world. In 2008 Lithuania’s GDP per capita was $18,000 and in 2009 the figure reduced to $15,000 per capita. According to the prediction of Bloomberg, Lithuanian economy might have positive growth in 2010. It is also predicted that in 2011 the economy might grow at the rate of 4% (Hà µbemà ¤gi, December 23, 2009). In 2008, unemployment rate was almost 5.84%, but in 2009 it increased to 15%. Inflation rate has decreased from the past. In 2008 inflation rate in the country was 10.9% and in the next year it was around 4.7% (Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.). Lithuania’s economy was in growth track prior to the recession period. In 2007 GDP growth rate was 8.9%, but in the next year this rate was 3% and 2009 Lithuania’s economy was having negative growth rate. It is predicted that in 2010 economy will return on growth track. In 2011 economy is expected to grow at the rate of 3-4%. In 2008 discount rate offered by central bank was 4.73% which is almost unchanged from the previous year when the rate was 4.82%. Hà µbemà ¤gi, T. December 23, 2009, SEB: Lithuanian economy to expand 4% in 2011, Baltic

Learning - teacher Essay Example for Free

Learning teacher Essay Good afternoon everyone, today I am going to talk about education. Education has many affects but how does education affects our lives. Education affects people by opening them up to new ideas, thus broadening their thinking. As for example, A degree can also broaden opportunities in the job market. Sometimes education can change what you believe, if you find new truth and need to fit it into your worldview. As long as a person is careful to actually examine the information that is presented, and not just blindly accept anything from any source, education usually improves lives and minds and offers us more opportunities and possibilities. The education for society can be different, due to the fact that various types of education and learning methods and assumptions affect me and others in many different ways. An important key role in our life by far is education, because so far it has given me a different perspective of life. A well-known Greek Philosopher named Plato once said that the direction in which education starts a man will determine his future in life. He literally means the type of education we chose to follow or have leads to us becoming that. So far in my journey of life it has opened and shown my eyes to a lot to see in this world. Education has given me the chance to learn and discover new things around me; in addition it has taught me to believe about life. Education has made me who I am today, and will have a huge impact in my future to come, because it will determine how I will live. It has given me a picture and sense on what I can achieve and do in life. My education started at a very young age, just like most people start theirs. My first mentors and teachers were not from elementary school, but they were my own people that raised me from home. The education I received to this day has made me a better decision maker about life’s big questions. Nelson Mandela best said that education is the most powerful weapon which can be used to change the world. What Nelson Mandela is trying to mean is that education is the answer to move forward in life. I totally agree with Mandela on that.

Autism in Children :: detection, intervention, education

All children deserve to have an equal chance to learn and perform in any number of categories. The only problem is that not every child can function correctly for various reasons. The condition that I am covering is autism. Autism is a difficult symptom to correct because it is a brain disorder that takes time and much work with doctors and teachers. I wanted to learn more on this disorder because I have a family member that have this condition. Autism affects communication skills, social skills, creativity skills, and learning skills. The ways to help correct these symptoms would be early detection, early intervention, and how to educate children with autism. Every parent wants to know what causes autism for their child. The only problem is that no one knows what causes autism. There are many signs and different theories, but no answers to what causes autism. Many different methods have been conducted to see the cause of autism. Methods like brain research, genetics, and neurochemistry have not solved this dilemma. The causes of autism have not been solved, and might never be discovered. Parents want to know if their child can be cured and be able to live a normal life. The answer to that is no and yes. There is no cure for autism, but with the proper treatment and education, a child can grow and live a very normal life. There are many cases of people with autism living a normal based life, even though they still have autism. Autism is a life long condition that can not be cured, but people can still live normal lives. One person in particular (Peter) interested me as he lives a very normal life and is an inspiration to not only autistic people, but to everyone, Today, things are much easier for me. I go to Inver Hills Community College, where I?m working for my associate of arts degree. I am very hopeful about my future. I?ve taken some very difficult classes in geography, but I have passed all of them with a fairly decent grade?This past October, I gave a talk in front of nearly three hundred people up in the Twin Cities about my autism?I talked about what autism felt like for me, and I told some funny stories?On the whole, this talk was a very big success for me. My talk brought tears to the eyes of many.

Comparison Between the set roles of Late 19th Century men in the ‘Ms Julia’ and ‘A Dolls House’

‘Ms Julia' and ‘A Dolls House' are both late 19th Century plays. In the late 19th Century, England was the most economically powerful nation in the world, with naval supremacy and an extensive empire. There was great social change; the nation was becoming more literate and expressive, giving birth to the expression ‘art for art's sake'. As a result, controversy and conflict occurred during this time of economic and social change. That caused a knock on effect throughout Europe. A new social class was also formed; this was the middle class, which ‘A Dolls House', is based on. During this time of change, men still had family duties which had to be conformed to in the society. Women's role in society stayed the same. Women were left at home while their husbands went to work. Not much was expected from them, but to provide offspring and keep their husbands satisfied. Family image was very important during this time period and loss of face was unacceptable, a tarnished image would lead to gossip and loss of respect from people of the same social class. Image and social status is clearly brought out in both plays and conflict is apparent when social roles are not adhered to. In Ms Julia, Jean is portrayed as the ambitious footman who crosses the social barrier to seduce the mistress of the house whereas Torvald remains the stereotypical husband of Nora who fulfills his role as her provider. Both plays ‘A Dolls House' and ‘Ms Julia' have dominating male characters. In ‘A Dolls House' the dominating character, Torvald, plays a middle-class man working as a bank manager. Dr Rank, a well-respected doctor, represents the weaker side of men, both physically through his illness which is probably a sexually transmitted disease inherited from his father and also being susceptible to Nora. In ‘Ms Julia' the main male character is Jean, whose rank in society does not exceed one of a footman. Even though he seems well educated and speaks French, his intentions are evil and disloyal. The Count, Jean's employer, does not appear in any scenes but he is known as a stern authoritarian man and his presence throughout the play is noticeable through references by the staff and the ‘bell' at the end of the play. Torvald, a man who has a secure source of income and is well respected by his acquaintances, conforms to the society he is placed in. Towards his wife, he seems only grateful for the company and entertainment that she provides for him and his friends. ‘Nora, I'd gladly work night and day for you, and endure poverty and sorrow for your sake. ‘ This is a typical male statement of that time where women had to rely on the men in that society. When Nora confesses to taking out the loan, to save his life. He does not really love Nora for who she is, but he loves her for what she does to satisfy her. Torvald feels that her actions were outrageous and something he would not expect from a wife. ‘This is unheard-of from a young girl like you'. This clearly shows how he feels about the position and role of a wife. After confessing, Nora leaves their well-established home under the protection of Torvald, and ventures off into the harsh world. At this moment Torvald is a broken man. His wife has left him with two children and a broken heart. ‘But to lose you – to lose you, Nora! No, no, I can't even imagine it†¦ ‘. More importantly there is an imbalance in Torvald's life as his role in society is not the same and his broken image cannot be repaired due to what the society expects from happy middle class families. But you're my wife – now'. How will he be viewed by others because his wife has left him? Dr Rank plays a distinctive role in the play ‘A Dolls House'. His name relates to society, Ibsen deliberately put it in to show the importance of social ranking. Rank is a family friend to the Helmers and makes frequent visits to their residence. When Rank and Torvald discuss matters, they confide themselves to a small room that does not welcome Nora and is not seen by the audience. The subject of these conversations are not known by Nora indicating a difference in the roles in society. When Rank finds death approaching, he confides in Nora, yet Torvald has no that they occur. ‘Well, at any rate you know that I'm at your service – body and soul. ‘ Helmer clearly states that he is at her service, which does not always equal love. Krogstad is an unemployed barrister in ‘A Dolls House'. During the time that Torvald was ill Nora turned to Krogstad for a loan to pay for a much-needed vacation to Italy. This loan was taken out without Torvald knowing. Throughout the play Krogstad always appears at the Helmers residence asking Torvald to hire him. He visits are not only intended to ask for a job, but also to blackmail Nora for the money that she had borrowed from him and the falsified signature. Near the end of the play Krogstad slips a note inside Torvald's private letterbox about the loan that he gave to Nora. In ‘Ms Julia' the dominant male character is Jean. He takes advantage of the Count's daughter and seduces her. Fear of being caught, they both plan to run away. Jean feels that he should be in a higher social class in society. He tries to fit in with people in a higher class, but tries to ignore the social class barrier. ‘In my dream, I'm in a dark wood, lying under a tall tree. I want to get up – right to the top, where I can see out over the country in the sunlight. ‘ However, he is unable to do so and is reminded constantly of his position in society by Kristin and finally by the bell ringing on the return of the Count. The Count is the master of the house, but not much is heard or seen of him. However, his heavy presence is constantly felt by the bell ringing. It's Jean, my lord. ‘ This brings fear to all the servants. From what is shown the Count expects certain standards from everyone including his daughter and shows a strong adherance to the social class system of the time. He lives upstairs and the servants live downstairs each to their altered position in society. In the two plays the men have completely different roles and attitudes to their place in society. Torvald is comfortable about his role and place in society. Yet Jean feels the opposite way as he feels that he deserves a higher position. Dr Rank feels that his life has not satisfied all his needs for women and he had an unfair chance at life because of his father's lifestyle. To conclude, Jean's role in society does not change throughout the play even though he tries very hard to change, he still holds his role as a footman. Dr Rank stays in his role in society as a doctor and a friend, but he tries to bend the rules in his last moments and attempts to flirt with Nora yet he must stay celibate because of his illness. Torvald looses a part of his role and has an increased role of being a single parent and a middle class working man at the same time. If Jean was to conform to society he would not have considered a relationship between himself and Ms Julia. He would have married Kristin and lived his life as a servant and husband. His dreams of owning a hotel would not happen due to his position as a footman. These men had different ideas and roles, but the end result still remains, society still controls who you are and what you can achieve. The bell in Ms Julia is the main image that restricts what you can achieve. In A Dolls House the sickness that Dr Rank has contracted controls his life and his place in society.

Face Recognition Ability Inherited Separately from IQ Essay

This article supports the modularity hypothesis of the brain where it is expressed that the human brain is like a Swiss knife that is represented as â€Å"a general purpose tool with special-purpose devices† (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010, n. p. ). Such kind of mentality is based on the idea that specialized genes are located in various regions of the brain which function for specific cognitive abilities like face recognition. In attempt to further investigate this issue, the researchers studied the relationship of face recognition to heritable characteristics by utilizing the help of 102 pairs of identical twins and 71 pairs of fraternal twins. The experiment made use of black-and white images of 20 different faces which were shown to each participant on a computer screen each for one minute and this step was followed by the mixing of 10 of the original 20 faces to 20 new faces. Results showed that identical twins, whose genes are 100% common, were more likely to provide matched results of the face experiment (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010). Moreover, 39% of the variance is attributed to genetic effects thereby suggesting that face recognition is a heritable trait. IQ relatedness of face recognition, on the other hand, was investigated by employing the participation of 321 students which revealed that the ability to recognize faces is independent of IQ (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010). The results gathered in this study affirm the hypothesis that some cognitive skills are not correlated with IQ which is the indicator of general intelligence (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010). Subsequent studies are intended to investigate if other cognitive abilities like language processing, navigation, reading and the likes are related to IQ. Consequently, the significance of these findings is seen on the study of autism and dyslexia because these heritable developmental disorders might also be dictated by specific genes on the human brain. Lastly, the findings presented on this paper are believed to be credible because they are grounded on empirically derived evidence. However, it is suggested that a larger sample size must be used to further confirm the statistical acceptability of the results. Nevertheless, the researchers made substantial and highly qualified efforts on the choice of participants because identical and fraternal twins are really the most appropriate subjects for studies that investigate heritable properties. In general, this study is a timely research endeavor that can lead to a series of promising effects in the fields of neurobiology and developmental psychology. Reference: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2010, January 20). Face recognition ability inherited separately from IQ. Science Daily.

Free Essays on Utalitarianism

Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine which essentially states that which is good is that which brings about the most happiness to the most people. John Stuart Mill believed that the decisions we make should always benefit the most people as much as possible regardless of the consequences to the minority or even yourself. He would say all that matters in the decision of right versus wrong is the amount of happiness produced by the consequences. In the decisions we make Mill would say that we need to weigh the outcomes and make our decision based on that outcome that benefits the majority. For Mill, pleasure is the only desirable consequence of our decisions or actions. The Judeo-Christian ethic embraced by Augustine places questions of right and wrong under the authority of a divine creator - God. The Judeo-Christian ethic can be summed up in one word - Love. In Matthew 22:40 Jesus says: â€Å"Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: Love you neighbor as yourself.† When Augustine said, â€Å"Love God and do what you will†, I believe he is asserting the fact that when a person loves God truly he or she is in God’s will. John 14:15 says, â€Å"If you love me, you will obey what I command.† If a person obeys God which is loving God and loving his creation then a person is in his will. The decisions made by a person in God’s will are thus ethical decision in view of the fact that God is the ultimate moral authority. To help his creation in determining right from wrong he has provided the Bible. Although not every ethical question is covered in the Bible he has also given us his Spirit for guidance. Utilitarianism like the Judeo-Christian ethic is viewing others in a high regard. Utilitarian desire the greatest happiness as an end and the Judeo-Christian perspective seeks love and obedience to God. These two ethical... Free Essays on Utalitarianism Free Essays on Utalitarianism Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine which essentially states that which is good is that which brings about the most happiness to the most people. John Stuart Mill believed that the decisions we make should always benefit the most people as much as possible regardless of the consequences to the minority or even yourself. He would say all that matters in the decision of right versus wrong is the amount of happiness produced by the consequences. In the decisions we make Mill would say that we need to weigh the outcomes and make our decision based on that outcome that benefits the majority. For Mill, pleasure is the only desirable consequence of our decisions or actions. The Judeo-Christian ethic embraced by Augustine places questions of right and wrong under the authority of a divine creator - God. The Judeo-Christian ethic can be summed up in one word - Love. In Matthew 22:40 Jesus says: â€Å"Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: Love you neighbor as yourself.† When Augustine said, â€Å"Love God and do what you will†, I believe he is asserting the fact that when a person loves God truly he or she is in God’s will. John 14:15 says, â€Å"If you love me, you will obey what I command.† If a person obeys God which is loving God and loving his creation then a person is in his will. The decisions made by a person in God’s will are thus ethical decision in view of the fact that God is the ultimate moral authority. To help his creation in determining right from wrong he has provided the Bible. Although not every ethical question is covered in the Bible he has also given us his Spirit for guidance. Utilitarianism like the Judeo-Christian ethic is viewing others in a high regard. Utilitarian desire the greatest happiness as an end and the Judeo-Christian perspective seeks love and obedience to God. These two ethical...

Text Features to Navigate - Table of Contents, Glossary and Index

Text Features to Navigate - Table of Contents, Glossary and Index   A positive approach to teaching text features is not only to use them in instruction, or create worksheets, but to give students practice using those text features in other ways, as a group.   The features in this article (Table of Contents, Index and Glossary) are not found directly in the text but either in the front of the book (Table of Contents) or in the back (Index and Glossary) and are tools to help the student use the text to find information.    The Text Features Table of Contents The first page after the frontispiece and the publishers information is usually The Table of Contents.   You will find the same features in an ebook, as well (since they are usually digital forms of the printed text.)    Usually they will have the title of each chapter and the page number.   Some will even have subtitles for subsections which the author uses to organize the text. Glossary Often, especially in a student text book, words that appear in the glossary will be highlighted or even highlighted in a color.   As the age of the student and difficulty of the text increases, the glossary words will not appearthe student is expected to know that they can find specific vocabulary for the subject in the glossary.   Ã‚   Glossary entries are very much like dictionary entries, and will often have a pronunciation key and at least the definition for the word as used in the text and subject.   Sometimes authors will provide other definitions, but in either case, it is important for students to understand that when there is only one, there may be more than one meaning, and when there are multiples, only one definition should be chosen to make sense of the word in the context.    Index The index, at the end of the book, helps students find information in the body of the text.   We know that in order to research for a paper, we need to know how to find information in a text using an index.   We can also help students understand that when they have read a text and cant recall specific information, that information can be found in the index.   At the same time, students need to understand how to use synonyms to find information they are looking for - They may not know that to learn about the signing of the constitution, they should look first for Constitution in the index, and then hopefully find Signing as a sub subject.   Instructional Strategies Introduce the Terms Table of Contents, Index and Glossary First, of course, you need to find out if your students can name and then find text features.   Text features are being introduced almost as soon as students begin reading, in late first grade.    Still, students have significant difficulty with reading, they probably havent been paying attentionthey have probably been more attentive to ways to avoid having to read aloud.   So . . .   Choose a text.   It may be one you are using in your class, or you may want a non-fiction text that the students can have in front of them.   I find that Reading A-Z has excellent non-fiction.   (I will be using a text later to illustrate using the Treasure Hunt strategy for practice.)    I would recommend, for these purposes, to use a text that is at or below the students independent reading level, so that the code (decoding the text) is not the focus of your lesson.   Ã‚   Find the text features.   Send the students to specific page numbers and have students put their finger on the text feature, or have students find the particular item. i.e. Find the Table of Contents and put your finger on the words Table of Contents to show me you know how to find it.   Model using the text feature: Table of Contents:   i.e. Find the third chapter. What is the Title? What will you probably read about in this chapter? Index:   We know our book is about dogs.   I have a chihuahua, so help me find where I can read about chihuahuas.   (Be sure to check there is a section, first!) Glossary:   Find a word in the textIve chosen apprentice from Sellman, Jane.   Benjamin Franklin from Reading A - Z.   (p.7)   Read the text aloud.   When you get to the word, remind students where the glossary is and have a student find the word in the glossary, and read it aloud to you.    Games Cant beat games to get students motivated and give them practice!   Use favorite games and give your students practice.   here are some ideas for these text features. Glossary Go:   Put all the words in a books glossary on 3 X 5 cards and  shuffle.   Assign a caller, and divide your group into teams.   Have the caller read the word and place it on the table.   Have a child from each team ready when the word is read and find it 1) in the glossary and then 2) find the sentence in the text.   The first person to find the word in the text raises their hand and then reads the sentence.    This game asks the students to use the glossary to find the page and then to search the page for the word in context.   Text Feature Treasure Hunt Two ways I see to play this: Individually.   Make this a race to see who finds the items first:   i.e.   What does colonial mean? Go! The student who finds the answer first gets a point.   Play until you have a winner.   Requires some preparation. In a Group.   Make each task a clue from the text.   Make two or three sets so you can divide your group/class into more than one group.   Have the words in the answer correspond to something in your class, or . . . label locations where you hide the next clue with a word in the answer.

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Education - Essay Example For instance, in order to answer the question about the pregnant boy, his photo was missing but after some time, the photo becomes visible. Laying emphasis on the information, I felt the information on it had a good description and the photos were informative. Reading The information described in the website is of exceptional help for public. It is appealing to the target group, which is the teenage bracket. From teenage, the author clearly explains the method that reduces the chances of having unwanted pregnancies and STIs infection. He uses an easy language and vivid description in explaining on the various prevention measures and clearly stating how the pregnancy the method works. The author uses diagrams in illustrating how to wear a male or a female condom to reduce the chances of it breaking and thus making it useless. The language used in the context is pure and appealing for public. The topic itself is also highly appealing since many teenagers; especially those in active sex engrossed in the idea of protecting themselves from unwanted pregnancy Example The examples given by the author are particularly appealing and easy to comprehend. He states, describe and explains how different methods of pregnancy prevention methods applied. This example not only helps the target age bracket, but the public can use them. The use of clear and uncomplicated language is ideal for anyone who is in need of health information greatly benefits from the website. The examples provided by the author are also appealing in the manner that they are readily available, true and of great importance. The author describes several methods used in order reduces chances of having STIs and unwanted pregnancies. The methods discussed include the use of condoms as birth control methods.... This paper approves that the language used is appropriate for the target group because there are no uses of medical terminologies. The language used is single and clear in describing the method needs to be used and its effectiveness. The author also puts himself in the shoes of the target group and uses language that they best understand. The language used also is in a manner that every person with the slightest education can read and comprehend what the website is emphasizing. The simple language used makes it possible for the author, to communicate the message to many people as possible without fear of alienation of a certain group due to their level of literacy. The author gives helpful tip in self-care management. Most of the teenagers risk their safety for fear that their partners may mot trusts them. The authors illustrate how someone would use a polite language especially when the other partner does not see the need of using a condom. The author also illustrates how a partner can help the other partner who does not appreciate the use of condoms. This essay makes a conclusion that the publisher of the article is also a humorous character. He or she knows how to get the attention of any reader. The pictures displayed at the homepage leaves one wondering what the article could be talking about and due to curiosity that forces one to read the message, he originally intended to deliver. The creativity of the homepage page also makes anyone yearning read more of the article thus delivering his message. The publisher also uses an easy language where anyone who knows how to read benefits from the website

All Processing Beneath Conscious Awareness is Carried out by Essay

All Processing Beneath Conscious Awareness is Carried out by Subcortical Structures - Essay Example The process of conscious awareness demands concentration since one maybe conscious but not aware of their conscious state. People possess a strong sense of own self and observe their feelings, thinking and how they go about their lives. Human posses a powerful sense of own self, and can observe their feelings, thinking and going about lives. Sub cortical structures refer to the structures that exist below the cerebral cortex surface. All the processing that is beneath a person’s conscious awareness is not necessarily executed by sub cortical structures. The fear response It explains that sub cortical structures facilitate all unconscious processing. When a person feels in danger, it is the information that reaches the amygdale through the sub cortical pathway that triggers flight or fight response. The sub cortical pathway involves the transfer of information from the sense organs to the thalamus and finally to the amygdale. For processing that is beneath conscious awareness, information travels through the sub cortical pathway which is usually shorter and carries less information concerning the stimulus (Open University Course Team, 2006). This transfers less information concerning the stimulus and thus triggers a fear response. For instance, a person jumps at a harmless shadow in response to the stimulus. The benefit of this transfer method is that it allows for quick response to various stimuli. On the other hand, the cortical structures may also facilitate processing that is beneath conscious processing. This occurs where the cortical pathway delivers information concerning various stimuli leading to various responses. This may happen is situations that do not require quick response to the situation since the cortical pathway is slow. In cases of death and life situations, the pathway may lead to death situations due to it slow characteristic. Despite this drawback, it can also lead to unconscious reaction to various stimuli (Open University Course T eam, 2006) Attention and consciousness As part of one’s normal activities, we perform many actions that do not require attention. For instance, a driver depresses the clutch pedal and hence changes gear automatically. This is a process that occurs in a smooth manner during the appropriate time while still concentrating on what is happening on the road. This indicates that sub cortical structures facilitate unconscious reactions to various responses. This takes place through the sub cortical pathway which delivers information unconsciously leading to a quick response to the stimuli. However, this is a process that one acquires through learning where the sensory-motor coordination will now tend to occur beneath conscious awareness. This process becomes automatic and effortless thus giving a person a chance to concentrate elsewhere (Open University Course Team, 2006). On the other hand, before we learn these activities, it is usually a conscious process. For instance, a research carried by Raichle discovered that there exists a whole suite in the process of brain activation between effortless and automatic phases that a person practices. They proved that attention is necessary for an unlearned activity while there is no demand for concentration during an automatic response. Blind sight This is a condition where the sufferer responds to visual stimuli without perceiving them consciously. For instance, a monkey with a blind sight named Helen

UNDERSTANDING STUDENT PLAGIARISM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UNDERSTANDING STUDENT PLAGIARISM - Assignment Example Along with concerns about plagiarism sit augmented burden to develop the business and proficient ethics of students both in the higher and lower education levels. In most forms of education levels, plagiarism is a desecration of academic demeanor of students, countless of whom will sooner or later become professionals and prospective business leaders. The expression â€Å"plagiarism† could be defined as ‘the act of pilfering words or thoughts that more often are not to be well thought-out as across-the-board knowledge’. Lawfully, the plagiarist mishandles another person’s work while assuming that he/she is the creator of the copied work. (PECORARI 2008) To sum up, preceding empirical researches have revealed that an array of factors relating to to scholar plagiarism such as principled potential, demographic variables, and ecological factors. On the other hand, it ought to be noted down that in each research only a classified figure of plagiarism-related asp ects or their associations with students’ imitative actions have been well deliberated. Earlier research on learner plagiarism recognized seven vital themes: The significance and milieu of plagiarism, The personality of plagiarism, How learners pick out plagiarism, How big a predicament is student copying?, What encourages learners to deceive?, The difficulties brought forward by digital copying; and the clamor for learners’ academic uprightness. (NEVILLE 2010) The Critique and analysis of the journals Nine most important factors relating to student copying are known as: Ethical potential, Consciousness, Academic incorporation, Perceptive Student copying, accounting learning, new know-how, intellectual influences, Institutional shore up, Pressures, and Demographic variables (Gou 2011) Even though a lot of observers have urged that advanced education institutions ought to take up a full-bodied deterrence approach to restricting academic deceit, this paper proposes that educators ought to incorporate a cooperative approach to encourage learners to operate in a sturdy, righteous demeanor. Propositions to educators to lower down the pervasiveness of student copying are discussed as follows. (1) Be aware of cultural influences. Learners’ cultural origin may origin tribulations for countless overseas learners. Academic and specialized progress ought to generate surroundings that deter copying by heartening acknowledgment of cultural multiplicity. Exceptional hard work ought to be made in assisting students to recognize and fit in to the on hand academic surroundings and in making sure that they are not being unjustly barred from the prerequisite of advanced education. Summer schools or establishment courses; for instance, ought to teach on these targets. (LITTLE 2011) (2) Take in ethics-related subjects. It is recommended that ethics-related subjects should be incorporated in the syllabus at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. (LAMPE RT 2008) This kind of educational involvement has attested to the constructive contact on learners’ ethical capability of appreciating and replying to principled dilemmas such as copying and cheating. The involvement is also necessitated by greater than before the claim by the public to enhanced professional principles of accountants. (3). Reassess the impact of novel technology on copying. The domino effect point to that the ‘new technology’ aspect was missing in psychometric links and as a result was unnecessary. (WANGAARD & STEPHENS 2011) This unanticipated result, even though being incoherent with numerous empirical studies, in fact warns us against completely blaming the hasty development

Intellectual Traditions In Islam Religion Essay

Intellectual Traditions In Islam Religion Essay Islam after the death of Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) spread far and wide and was accepted by different people of different languages, culture and lands. Hence it became enriched by the intellectual contribution of many individuals and communities in various diverse fields of learning such as philosophy, literature, law, theology, arts, mysticism and natural science. Thus, Islam was elaborated in a multitude of forms and interpretations and by the 1oth century, it completely flourished as a civilization To discuss the significance of these issues, a seminar entitled INTELLECTUAL TRADITIONS IN ISLAM was organized by the institute of Ismaili studies at the Mellor centre, Churchill College, university of Cambridge during 14-20 august 1994. This book contains the edited and reviewed versions of the papers presented at the seminar excluding Professors M. Mahdi, M. Arkoun and A Sachedinas contributions. The report is an overview of all the essays presented in this book excluding the essay Some Observations on the Religious Intellectual Milieu of Safawid Iran by John Cooper and Present Day Islam Between its Tradition and Globalization by Mohammed Arkoun. It discusses all the key points and topics addressed by different authors in their respective essays. ABOUT THE BOOK (SUMMARY) The concepts and the key points described in the book are discussed below with respect to each chapter: 1. Introduction The introduction is the key note address which was presented at the seminar by Dr. Aziz Esmail. He in his essay explores the key concepts of Intellectual Life, Tradition and Islam. He raises many questions about concept of an intellectual life. He asks about the designation and position of an intellectual in the society. He asks whether the intellectual thoughts and the intellectual themselves are very distantly placed from the society. He further confronts the readers by asking questions such as what is the place of intellect in ones persona. What is the relationship of intellect with feelings, character and most importantly with the faith of a person? He further explores the role of intellectual life in the development of personality and character and in the making of identity of a person. He asks what is the relation of intellect in our daily lives. What is its relation to ones relationship with God? How does it effect the relation of an individual with its society? Does the intellect enable any participation in the society or does it retards it? He confronts the readers with such questions and enables them to think, to review and to divulge in his thoughts. Furthermore, he deals with the concept of tradition and traditionalism. He defines the relationship of old age and youth with tradition. He says that the old age identifies with the past whereas the youth has a relationship of dependence of defiance with the past. He identifies the different models of schooling which provide the basis of relationship of an individual with his traditions. The author explains that the tradition becomes an object of anxiety and attention when it ceases to work not when it is actually at work. He says that you cant find the idea of traditionalism or tradition in traditional societies. He explains that the main confronting question facing the people today is that in this world which is characterized by a pluralism of tradition which tradition one should uphold? The other question is what is the future of any traditions in such a rapidly changing world? When the author talks about Islam he asks the meaning of Islam. He also asks what is the relationship of past and present in Islam. The author describes the challenge of relativism in todays world. Relativism says that all doctrines, ideas and values can be explained by reference to time and place. But if all ideas and values are thus explained, ones confidence in upholding a single culture or tradition is shattered. The author says that today the culture is becoming a supermarket of ideas, values and doctrines where one chooses according to taste not according to objective essence. It the past, community came first and the individuals second, today, the scenario is opposite. Today, in such a pluralistic world, there is a need of a genuine mutual appreciation between faiths. The author says that engagement with other faiths doesnt mean to surrender, for criticism too is a form of engagement. How Islamic theology may engage with the modern world without becoming a prisoner of the mode rn understanding of modernity is one of the major challenges facing Islamic thought today? 2. Intellectual Life in the First Four Centuries of Islam by Hugh Kennedy: The author in his essay surveys the intellectual life of the Muslims in the first four centuries of Islam. He also describes the development of the intellectual life in this era. He explains that the first main issue that confronted the Muslims after the death of Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was that of the leadership of the community. People raised many questions such as who should lead the community. How they should be chosen and what powers they should enjoy? There were two different groups of people who had two different view points. One group believed that the leadership should be inherited by the Ahl al-Bayt (family of the Prophet). The other idea that found favor was that of a tribal Sheikh. The early Islamic intellectuals faced a very important issue that how they were going to preserve and record the utterances and deeds of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and his companions, secondly, they faced the issue of explanation of Quran Sunna to the new Muslims who were Non-Arabs. Consequently, a whole series of sciences developed in order to solve these problems. These sciences include grammar, genealogy, poetry and history and were known as the Islamic sciences. Grammar was a part of such sciences. It became the essential constituent of all the intellectual activities as it was vital to understand the basis of religion. Science of genealogy also found its way in the minds of the Muslims intellectuals. It was used to establish relations between different tribes and people. To understand the Quran completely, it was equally important to learn the language and thoughts of the Prophets contemporaries. So, poetry of pre-Islamic Arab and the early days of Islam became a very important part of the Muslim Intellectual life. History was another aspect of systematization of learning. Historical writing came into form just due to the need to record the life of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) and the events of the Islamic conquests. The non-Islamic sciences that Muslims were concerned with were medicine, philosophy, astrology and astronomy. All these sciences were brought into the Islamic tradition by translations made from Greek language in the 9th century. The Muslims in the early era of Islam pursued only those sciences that they thought were practically useful for them. Philosophy was studied by Muslims because it was required for analysis of arguments and logic study of medicine was required for obvious reasons. Astronomy and astrology were regarded as practical sciences by Muslims because many of them believed in the influence of planets on peoples lives. The author highlights that in the early intellectual life of Islam certain subjects were studied because they were perceived to be useful and there was no structure of intellectual life for there did not exists any academic profession. Thus, in the first four centuries of Islam, there was no institutional frame work for intellectual life; people who were engaged in such activities lived on their private income. Overall, the Muslims in the four centuries of Islam were pre-occupied by Islamic sciences which developed from just being recordings of the early days of Islam to becoming immensely rich intellectual work. 3. Scientific and Philosophical Enquiry Achievements and reactions in Muslims history by Oliver Leaman: The author in his essay describes the development of scientific philosophical enquiry in the Muslim history. The author says that after the death of Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H), the Islamic empire expanded and extended to the various parts of Middle East where a variety of civilization were established for a very long time. The new Muslim rulers came into contact with people who had very sophisticated ideas about theology, medicine, astronomy and mathematics. Now they had to decide whether to reject this kind of learning or to study it. They chose to study it and learn from it and as a result a pluralistic society of different cultures and religious was formed There were basically two reasons for using the discoveries and theories which were present in the Middle East at that time. One was the need to argue and debate with the people of other religions and to persuade them to become Muslims. It was necessary to use the methodologies of the older religious to defend Islam and to prove to people what improvements Islam has brought. The other rational for using science and philosophy of existing cultures was a practical one. When the Muslims came to Syria, Iraq and later on Persia, they found out that those people had a high standard of living. They were relatively more educated and healthy. They had better management skills. The Muslims wanted to learn how they achieved this state of affairs. This resulted in a great deal of interest in early Islamic world for philosophical, scientific and medical discoveries which were all around them. The author further explains that these new communities had a bulk of philosophical works especially those of Aristotle and Plato. Philosophy is all about the ability to debate, to argue. There was a great demand by the people for philosophical material with which they could persuade others about the validity of their point of views. The philosophical literature was widely read in the first few centuries of Islam and great evidence of scientific work is also found. The author further explains that to the positive approach of the philosophers, thinkers and intellectuals towards ancient philosophy and science, the ulama had a different approach. They thought that if the Muslim intellectuals were forming a philosophy based on the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle then they were developing a philosophy based on pagan thought. They thought that Islam in itself contains the solutions of all the problems faced by the people. They argued that we need not approach ancient Greek philosophy for solutions of our problems. But the philosophers thought that if something is good or true there is no harm in incorporating it in our daily lives. The author says that the questions that arose as a result of all this debate were: how much is it acceptable for one to borrow from a culture that is not ones own? How far could Muslims incorporate secular knowledge in their own culture and still maintain their culture? The above mentioned debate was a dispute about who would sort out the theoretical problems of the Islamic world. Would it be the philosophers inspired by the Greek science and philosophy, or would it be the ulama and the fuqaha, the traditional Islamic scholars and jurists? 4. The Rational Tradition in Islam by Muhsin Mahdi: I would like to focus on the historical perspectives of the rational tradition in Islam. The author points out in the start of his essay that whenever in history Muslims including scientists, philosophers and mystics tried to express themselves, they had to use reason. The author traces back the history of rationalism from the age of enlightenment and the French revolution in European culture and history in the 17th and 18th centuries. It happened that some learned encyclopaedists started destructive rationalism by trying to get rid of religion and religious ideas, thoughts and prejudices. They wanted to establish a society that is purely based on reason. The author asks a question: how the rational tradition arose in Islam in the first place? He replies by saying that it arose after the death of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) when Islam and Muslims faced the crisis of leadership. The question: who has the claim to rule Muslim religious community after the Prophet (P.B.U.H.)? Is it by the prophets designation of an imam or is it by election? The origin of Islamic religious thought and theology is based on this question. And, thus, begins the whole process of rationalism in Islam. Within the tradition and knowledge that came in from other cultures and societies to Muslims, the concept or idea of Neoplatonism also found its way. Neoplatonism is the theory that speaks of god as something that is hard to understand, that is above and beyond reason. Thus, Neoplatonism provided the revealed religions with a support. It taught them that the divinity is active; its not just a mind it is something that acts and causes things to be. Now as the rationalist ideas began to develop, the contradictions between the rationalists and the fundamentalists began. One illustration of rationalism in Islam was Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Razi, the physician who opposed all forms of human authority in matters of religious knowledge, even that of the prophet. He completely opposed prophecy and criticized religion. He proposed that organized religion was a device used by the evil men to establish their rule over mankind and that it leads to violence, conflicts and wars. The whole idea of extreme rationalism is to get rid of all religions and to form a society based purely on reason. But no tradition ever thought of a society completely based on reason. One can make justifications about prophecy, revelations and religious transactions. The author here states his point of view that the only way that a society can be held together and the only way that people can be encouraged to pursue virtues and avoid vices which may not always be in their rational interests is by a divine law and through a doctrine of reward and punishment hereafter. In Islam two kinds of rationalist traditions are found. One is that of Averroes (Ibn Rushd) who believed in acquiring rational knowledge to find a way to the divine. He believed that as one perfects it to its limits, then he has a vision of what is beyond it. The other tradition is that of Ibn al-Arabi who believed in practicing and learning from people and experiences to find the way to the divine. 5. The Limits of Islamic Orthodoxy by Norman Calder: Norman Calder in his essay firstly explains that in this essay he wants to discover the outside limits of Islamic Orthodoxy with respect to the Sunni Islam. The author defines the terms Orthodoxy and Orthopraxy. Orthodoxy means the right teachings whereas Orthopraxy means the right practice. According to the author, the Sunni Islam is a religion of Orthodoxy. The author describes that one of the places where the right teachings of Islam can be found are those books which are called Aqida or Aqaid in Arabic meaning creed. These books set out the agenda of beliefs that represent being a Muslim. The author gives the example of Christianity, that in the first five centuries of Christianity, they faced a debate about what it was you had to believe to be a Christian and they decided a creed under the authority of a council and the pope. But there is no such source of authority in Islam. There is no such council and there is no such creed that is found in which all the Muslims believe. According to the author one thing found common in all the creeds is the components of the Shahadat i.e. the belief that God is one and Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is the messenger of God. The author further explains that there are five possible forms of religions beliefs including scripture, community, gnosis, reasons and charisma. Some people claim that the way towards the knowledge of God is through scripture i.e. Gods revelation others claim that Gods self-revelation to man is through a community that has been chosen by God and in which correct belief is preserved. A third group claims that way towards knowledge of God is through gnosis i.e. mystic knowledge, experience or just mysticism. A fourth group claims that way towards understanding God is by using reason or by being rational. Finally, there are communities that believe that God has appointed throughout the generations one particular person to express His message, they are also claim that this particular person has the knowledge of God. All great religious traditions of the world including Hinduism, Islam Christianity have all fine elements described above. The author classifies different groups of believers according to the above mentioned forms. Within Islam, the Twelve Shia the Ismaili Shia are the communities which lay stress on charisma as the most important form of achieving knowledge of God. There are two sets of people in Islam which lay great stress on reason as the means of achieving knowledge of God. One group is represented by philosophers like Al-Farabi and Avicenna i.e. Ibn Sina. The other group is the Mutazila which are rejected by the Sunnis because they claim that they overstress the role of reason. The group representing gnosis or mysticism in Islam is the Sufis. According to the author, the Sunnis are the group that lie somewhere between scripture and community. The author further explains that the Sunnis have formed intellectual writing traditions, there literature to which they refer as the expression to their understanding of their relationship to God and His Prophet (P.B.U.H). This list of literary genres is as follows: Qisas Al Anbiya, Sirat Al-Nabi, Quran, Hadith, fiqh, Kalam, Tafsir and Sharh Al Hadith. At intellectual level, the limits of orthodoxy are represented by the contents of the set of books defined above. 6. Intellectual Life Among the Ismaili: An Overview by Farhad Daftary: The author firstly explains the history and beliefs of Ismailis. He says that the Ismailis maintain that the Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H) has appointed his cousin and son-in-law- Ali b. Abi Talib as his successor and that this designation or nass has been made divine command. They also believe that there is a permanent need of a spiritual leader with a particular Kind of knowledge (ILM) for guidance of mankind. They believe that after the death of Prophet, only Ali and succeeding imams possessed the required ILM and religious authority which enables them to act as the sole authority for interpreting the Islamic revelation. Thus, this doctrine of imamate forms the foundation of all the teachings and literary works of the Ismaili Shi is. The early Ismailis developed a cyclical history of revelation and a cosmological doctrine. These two concepts became the main components of theology. These two doctrines also explain the great appeal and popular success of the early Ismailis Dawa (the guiding mission led by teachers known as dais or missionaries. The establishment of the Fatimid state in 909 in North Africa proved to be a mile stone for the success of dawa. The Fatimid period is often known as the Golden Era of Ismailism. After the acquisition of the Fatimid state, the Fatimid Caliph-Imams didnt abandon their dawa activities aiming to extend their rule over the entire Muslim Umma, they retained their dawa and network of dais, operating both within and outside Fatimid states. Special institution was setup for the training of dais and instruction of ordinary Ismailis. The dais who were educated as theologians, themselves were the scholars and authors of Ismaili community. They produced great literary works on theology, law, philosophy and exoteric and esoteric subjects. In Egypt, the Fatimids created major libraries in Cairo, which grew into a centre of art, culture, Islamic and natural science. The Dais themselves were trained in jurisprudence and were acquired with knowledge of Hadith and other religious sciences as well as the languages and cultures of regions in which they operated despite being the sole representative of the Ismaili Dawa it Seems that very little is written by Ismaili authors on Dais who acted as missionaries, teachers and judges for the Ismailis of their community outside the Fatimid dominion. The high yearn for learning in Ismailis led them to conduct Majalis i.e. Lectures or teaching sessions for public. In 1005 Fatimid Caliph-Imam Al-Hakim (996-1021) formed an institution of learning known as Dar al-ilm, the house of knowledge or Dar al-Hikma in a section of Fatimid palace in Cairo. A multitude of religious and non- religious sciences were taught at Dar al-ilm which was equipped with a major library. Many Dais received training in Dar al-ilm. In the Fatimid period, the Ismaili law was codified by Al-Qadi Al-Numan under the guidance of the Fatimid Caliph-Imam Al-Muizz. His compilation the Daaim-al-Islam (The Pillars of Islam) served as the official legal code of the Fatimid state, Al-Qadi Al-Numan, on Fridays after the mid-day prayers conducted public sessions in Cairo at the mosques of Al-Azhar, Amr Al-Hakim, to explain the legal doctrines of the Ismailis jurisprudence to Ismailis. Much of the literary work and chronicles of Ismailis perished as a result of the Ayyubids harassment of Ismailis. These libraries were also destroyed and hence much of the literary work was also perished. After the persecution of Ismailis by Ayyubids in the Fatimid states, Hassan Sabbah founded the Nizari state in the fortress of Alamut in northern Persia. Hassan Sabbah was a learned theologian and he established an impress library at Alamut. Other major Nizari Fortresses in Persia Syria were also equipped with a signification collection of books, documents and scientific instruments. The Nizari Ismailis of the Alamut period used to compile chronicles in which events of the Nizari states were recorded accordingly. But most of these official chronicles preserved at Alamut and other Nizari fortresses perished in the Mongol attacks of 1256 or later on. After the invasion of Mongols in 1256, the Nizaris how began to observe taqiyya for extended period. Until the end of the 17th century, the Nizari Dawa met with particular success in Central Asia India. In the Central Asian tradition, the authentic works of Nasir Khusraw occupy a prominent role. Central Asian Nizaris have also preserved a bulk of Persian Nizari literature produced during the Alamut period in later times. The Syrian Nizaris have also formed another literary tradition based on Arabic, in which local ideas as well as Fatimid Ismaili thought found expression. The Nizari Khojas of the Indian sub-continent developed a distinctive tradition known as Satpanth or true path which is expressed in their hymn like Ginans written in different South Asian languages and later on recorded in the Khojki Script in Sindh by the Khoja community. These Ginans were written by Pirs or Dais to increase their appeal of message. The author acknowledges Ismailis as a community with the doctrine of Imamate as their central teaching. He successfully traces back the Ismaili literary traditions in his work. 7. Nasir Khusraw: Fatimid Intellectual by Alice C. Hansberger: The author Alice C Hunsberger in her essay focuses on the great Fatimid thinker and intellectual Nasir Khusraw. Nasir Khusraw who lived primarily in Khurasan in the 11th Century was an eminent Persian philosopher, writer and poet. He was a successful preacher of the Ismaili faith in Central Asia renown for his poetic teachings. He was so successful in preaching among people that those of other Islamic school turned viciously against him and he had to spend his last 15 or 20 year in exile in Yumgan in Badakhshan under the protection of a local Ismaili Prince. The author in her remarkable essay sheds light on his personality and his teachings. She narrates the story of an eagle from one of his poems. The essence of the story is that human beings have it all in them that carries them to the sky and brings them to the dust. The author is found to be saying that Nasir khusraw is far away from being a mystic and neither he is an ascetic rather he preaches his readers to become the best human beings they can by being fully in this world and using it for achieving self-perfection. Nasir Khusraw is the only philosophical writer of his era to have written all his writings in Persian language. He leaves us with three different genres of writing: a prose memoir of his travels, the safarnama, and his poetry gathered in his diwan and a no. of philosophical works in which he lays out the doctrines of Ismailism. His famous edited and published books include: Gushayish wa Rahayish, Jamial-Hikmatayn, Khwan al-Ikhwan, Shish Fasl, RawshanaI-nama, Wajh-i-din and Zad al-Musafirin. Nasir Khusraw earned his title Hakim through his broad training in philosophy and other sciences including finance and mathematics. In his writing, Nasir Khusraw shows a certain honesty and directness. He talks his hopes. His prose and poetry is so admired by people because it is plain and complex. Around his fortieth birthday Nasir Khusraw underwent a spiritual reawakening and left his privileged life in the royal Saljuq court and set out for a journey which was much esoteric rather than exoteric. The authors sheds light on a very important concept from Nasir Khusraws teachings that one must be in this world in order to achieve the higher world. He explains in his teachings the need of physical world for a life of faith because according to him it is the physical world that holds the tools for learning true wisdom, namely reason (or intellect and knowledge i.e. aql and ilm). Nasir Khusraw gets irritated by people who are ignorant. He compares them to all sorts of animals including donkeys, asses and noisy birds. In his book Wajh-i-Din Nasir Khusraw explains that animals act without knowledge, while angels know without acting. But it is human beings who must combine both action and knowledge. For Nasir Khusraw, intellect leads a believer to proper faith and strengthens his faith. The other concept that Nasir stresses in his teachings is the observance of the sharia. He criticizes people that they must observe sharia. He compares the observance of sharia with taking medicine when we are sick. Although we may not like the medicine but we have to do in order to heal our body. Similarly, the Prophet (P.B.U.H) is the physician and the medicine he brings to heal our souls is the sharia. Nasir Khusraw stresses that it is through the body that ones soul can be perfected by carrying out sharia. Since man is responsible for his actions, the effects of his actions are transferred to his soul leading ultimately to the purification or perfection of mans soul by observing the sharia. The author gives a great overview of the teachings of Nasir Khusraw in her essay. 8. Reason and Mystical Experience in Sufism by Annemarie Schimmel: The author in her essay sheds light on the concept of love, intellect, reason and experience in mysticism and in religion. She sheds light on different concepts by using references of Maulana Rumi and Iqbal. She starts her essay with some verses by Maulana Rumi and Iqbal in which they both in their own words point out the difference between intellect and love. According to them, intellect first ponders over things whereas love just jumps into the hearts of the matter without thinking of the consequences. Intellect is necessary to give us information i.e. Khabar whereas love gives us the direct vision i.e. nazar, The author quotes the story of a moth and a burning candle which Al-Hallaj has written in his Arabic book, Kitab al-Tawasin in which the moth is not satisfied with the sight and feeling, it want to burn itself and led to a new higher life. The Sufis present the idea of die before you die. The Sufis desire for Nazar i.e. the true experience that comes from love. The author also describes in the analysis of intellect and love, two other modes of perception, dhikr and fikr. Fikr literally meaning thought is necessary to understand the creations of this world. And dhikr literally meaning the constant remembrance of god is supposed to polish human heart and make it shine like a mirror. These two modes of thinking of fikr, intellectual thinking and of dhikr remembering god with love are always used together. Iqbal presents another idea about the intellect that as it makes to think and ponder over things it creates new idols every moment. But again in his poetry he tells us that these idols of intellect bow to love. The author highlights another aspect of mysticism that is expressing the love in words. She quotes Rumi as saying that when the pen comes to write the word love, its break into pieces. The pen breaks when it comes to write about love but the same pen has written a bulk of books and poetry about this very love. It is a paradox in literature that the mystics who stressed that ones who wrote numerous books. The mystics have been found to say that whatever they write is not by their intellectual powers it is all waridat things that come to the mystics. These literary works are produced even by illiterate people and when you read them if it looks as if it has been crafted with much intellectual effort. We have the examples of such writers such as Ibn al-Arabi and khwaja Mir Dard who claim that they didnt even think of it. These mystical writings have been opposed by Ulama and many scholars as dangerous and poison for untutored minds. The traditional saying finds its way here that: think about the work of god and the qualities of god, but do not think of gods essence. Again Iqbal quotes in his works that Quran also invites to seek signs in the horizons of this world and in ourselves. Thus, the author concludes by saying that intellectual activities are not to be excluded from the way of Sufis or the Muslims. The idea of looking at signs and pondering over them may be of great help to understand religion in a better context. At the end she quotes a verse by Rumi that I quote here: when you make a house for your chicken, a camel does not fit into it. And she concludes that intellect is a chicken and love is a camel- a great, proud and beautiful camel. 10. Woman, Half-the-Man? The Crisis of Male Epistemology in Islamic Jurisprudence by Abdulaziz Sachedina: The author introduces the readers to the sharia, the Islamic sacred law and the two spheres of human activity: those actions that relate humanity to god categorizaed as Ibadat (literally acts of honouring god, technically god-human relationships), and those actions that relate humans to fellow humans categorized as Muamalat (literally transactions, technically inter-human relationships ). According to the author the area of inter-human relationships demands rethinking and reinterpretation of the normative sources like the Quran and the sunna, under changed social conditions. One area particularly in inter-human relationships which is retarded in progress by interpretation by Muslim jurists is the personal status of muslim women. The madrasa tradition of learning in Islam has disregarded female voices in emerging issues of women and human rights. The redefinition of status of a muslim woman is a major issue that confronts the Muslim jurists in todays modern world. Muslim womens participation in legal-ethical matters where situational aspects can be best determined by women themselves only, is very essential. Without their participation in such discussions, womens rights will always depend on the patriarchal society. The author further discusses the male jurists and their female related rulings. He narrates his exp